Thomas Heilbroner s Twenty First Century Capitalism

Trying to understand the world that we live in today and where we are going in the future, as a nation, as a modern society, and as humans in general, we must look at the overarching structure or social order that created our present condition, capitalism. In order to understand capitalism, we must not only try to understand what capitalism really is, but realize that it is not solely composed of what is commonly connected with the term, economics. Rather, it is composed of varying social and political factors that make capitalism what it truly is. This view and analysis of capitalism is what Robert Heilbroner puts forth in his 1992 book, Twenty-First Century Capitalism, where he introduces the notion of the two realms of†¦show more content†¦4). And the way that these capitalist countries achieve this is through the organizing principle of capitalism, the market. That said, in the long history of societies, the market is a relatively new organizing principle, and it needed certain conditions to take hold. This was precipitated by the fall of the Roman Empire which was â€Å"crucial not only because the social order of the Empire was at every level incompatible with a capitalist order, but because its shattered ruins provided an extraordinary setting in which such an order would emerge—slowly, painfully, and without any sense of fulfilling a historic mission during the thousand-year period we call feudalism† (Ibid., p. 33). And although this millennium of history is much more complex than can be described here, basically the fall of the Roman Empire left Europe â€Å"without unifying law, currency, and government, broken into a crazy quilt of isolate and self-dependent towns, manorial estates, and petty fiefdoms† (Ibid., p. 34). And it was this very fragmentation of feudal life that made it possible for the transformation into a

Differences Between Quantitative Research And Qualitative...

1. Explain the differences between quantitative research and qualitative research. Qualitative research collects non-numerical data to describe events or phenomena. On the other hand, quantitative research uses numeric data with statistical methods to investigate phenomena. (Melnyk Fineout-Overholt, 2015, p. 609). Qualitative studies address human responses to particular situations or events with an emphasis on interviews and observations. The results are reported from the participant’s point of view. Qualitative studies can be conducted when a phenomenon is unknown to obtain a general idea. Also, they can be used when an event is well known, but certain areas lack details or depth (Melnyk Fineout-Overholt, 2015). Contrarily, quantitative studies measure phenomena with the use of scales, tests, scores and statistics. Quantitative research designs are multiple. They can range from descriptive studies, which are used to predict relationships between variables, to randomized co ntrol trials (RCT). RCTs are used to describe cause and effect relationship between variables. Quantitative studies report results using a uniform format with preselected variables (Melnyk Fineout-Overholt, 2015). 2. Referring to Writing Assignment I, consider the clinical research question (PICOT) that you created and develop a study protocol outlining significant elements of a clinical study (pages 440-442). I. Significance of the problem: Sepsis has a very high rate of admission to theShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Qualitative And Quantitative Research Essay1510 Words   |  7 PagesQualitative research, still called in-depth study or study of motivation. The studies on expectations, motivations, images and other value judgments of the consumers while giving results which we cannot quantify. According to Choy this type approach is highly self-aware acknowledgment of social self, or of a research’s position in society (Choy, 2014:99). A quantitative research is a market study which the results can be quantified and the representativeness can be exactly measured. According toRead MoreDifference Between Qualitative And Quantitative Research968 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the major differences between the qualitative and quantitative research in regards to the sample was the size of the sample. The qualitative sample had nine participants and the qualitative had a return rate of 1695 students and 1556 teachers. Another difference between the two studies is the quantitative used a random sampling method, whereas the qualitative study used criterion sampling with the criteria being that they were teachers in K-12 who taught/used mobile learning devices. TheRead MoreDifference Between Quantitative And Qualitative Research752 Words   |  4 PagesFor many who are new to research, there is little difference between quantitative and qualitative research. Key words to define quantitative research include empirical and statistics, while words to denote qualitative include subjective and naturalistic. However, for many research scholars, the differences between the models are vast. Much of the debate centers around validity that surrounds the heterogeneous methods used to determine outcomes in qualitative research (Madill Gough, 2008). OpposingRead MoreDifferences Between Quantitative And Qualitative Research1827 Words   |  8 Pagesunderstanding of the p eople who live within these societies. There are many differences between both Quantitative and Qualitative research. First starting with what quantitative research is data that uses statistical methods such as surveys dealing with large numbers of participants within a study is collected by doing research, most of these studies collect data in numerical form so that they can be counted(cite). While qualitative research is when sociologist seek to understand human behavior by learningRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Qualitative And Quantitative Research Essay1865 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Similarities and Differences in Qualitative and Quantitative Research Quantitative research is defined as research that gathers numeric data through controlled procedures and analyses to answer predetermined questions or test hypotheses (Ary et al, 2010). In contrast, Ary et al defines qualitative research as a generic term for a variety of research approaches that generally gather non-numeric data to study phenomena, without predetermined hypotheses. 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These techniques can either be used separately in a research study or they can be combined to achieve maximum information. This paper will define the terms qualitative and quantitative; describe the similarities and differences between each; discuss how qualitative and/or quantitative research designs or techniques could be used in the evaluationRead MoreQualitative And Quantitative Research Methods936 Words   |  4 PagesQualitative and quantitative research methods are two alternative applications for research methods. Both are very different in how data is collected, what data is collected, and how data is measured. Both of these research methods are utilized amongst the major areas of psychol ogy and the social sciences. This paper will provide a brief description of qualitative and quantitative methods, provide the differences between the two approaches along with the terminology used for both; I will alsoRead MoreWeek 1 RSCH 8300860 Words   |  4 PagesInitial post Comparing Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches Researchers often times are faced with the decision of choosing a methodology of research; either Quantitative or Qualitative that they think best fits their study and objectives. This choice is guarded by the topic of study, the advantages and disadvantages, and the strengths and weaknesses of using either one or the other type of the methodologies. Researchers are sometimes using Quantitative and Qualitative research methodologies interchangeablyRead MoreThe Definition Of Science And Research Methods1189 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is science? A brief elaboration of the definition of science and research methods INTRODUCTION Science is a complex activity, which may be defined in a number of ways. To unite both the process and the product of science, one way to define science is as a process of constructing predictive conceptual models (Gilbert, 1991). Gilbert (1991) states, when referring to Kuhn (1970, Lunetta Hofstein (1981), Miller (1978) and Stevens Collins (1980) that in essence, ‘’the definition of science

Diploma in Business Management Essay

Question: Write an essay on Diploma in Business Management? Answer: Introduction The aim of this report is to understand various problems that can happen while working in a workplace. This report gives the opportunity to identify self-skills and enhance the employability skills that are needed for effective management. 1. Determining Own Performance and Responsibilities 1.1. Own responsibilities and performance objectives Setting own performance objectives and responsibilities is all about developing self-management skills. Self-management is the ability of a person to give the best possible outcome for a particular job. This helps the person to decide own personal demand and capabilities. There are various ways of proving the self-potentials: Working effectively by understanding the roles and also the authority control deserved Focus on minimum risky position and work accordingly Set out and determine appropriate customs to develop personality and this can be internally and externally in comparison with the company. Compare and assess the self-performance (individual) with the other employees in the workplace and the lacking skills and improve to meet the goals. 1.2. Effectiveness evaluation against above mentioned objectives It is very important to measure the defined objectives in a systematic way. This will give the best idea about the strengths and weakness and gives the opportunity to develop own skills. Self-jobs management Prioritize the work and examine against the quality and range of the job. Handover the job at the right time to the right person to determine better performance. Change management Handle the job civilization proposals in a positive way Work place should be changed and acknowledged The changes that are predetermines should be placed into action in advance towards the outcomes of the labor Maintain Safety and security Make proper safety rules and procedures and comply Employees should be supported, reacted and responded to in line Consequences of security and safety issues on the customers should be taken with due care 1.3. Recommendations It is the responsibility of the top management to effectively monitor the activities of the organization. This would help to reduce the employee responsibilities. Even it is the responsibilities of the employees to take own initiatives to take the organization to the better position by focusing on the good service, improving goodwill and also cost reduction. The following are few recommendations for improvement: Implement recognition and reward: Rewards and recognition for the hard work that the employees put in is necessary. This helps to motivate the employees and increase their effort, resulting in higher production. According to the operant conditioning theory, this is known as positive reinforcement. Focus on training and development: It is very important for the organisation to keep their employees upgraded with the changes happening. For instance, the technology is changing rapidly, the organization need to train their employees accordingly. Encourage work-life balance: There always are need of balance between the life and the work. This helps to improve satisfaction level of the employees and increase their productivity. Use open and transparent communication: Open and transparent communication can help to address the needs of the employees and increase belonging in the company. 1.4. Motivational techniques Abraham Maslow says that employees can be motivated by fulfilling 5 different needs in the organization, that are the physical needs, security and safety needs, belonging needs, self-esteem and self-actualization needs. On the other way, the according to McGregor, there are two types of employees- one who is willing to work and take pressure and the other is not willing to work. Based on this he has made two different assumptions- Theory X which states that if the employees dislike work, they must be threatened with punishment, directed controlled and coerced and Theory Y which states that self-control and self-direction can help to meet the objectives. Commitment towards the objectives is mainly associated with the rewards (Schein, 2011). Therefore, there are various ways: Trustworthy Leadership: Trust is an effective motivational tool and those managers or the leaders that are more transparent with their workers will discover amazing results and different types of chances to create ability. Career Advancement: Employees are extremely motivated to accomplish if this implies that progression anticipates them. This obliges workers to be aware of different opportunities that lie beyond, beneath and around what they look for. 2. Development of Transferable And Interpersonal Skills 2.1. Solution to work-based problems Problem solving is a crucial part of any job and association. According to the complex description, the process of analyzing the problem like risk management, quality management is termed as problem solving. There are various ways to solve the work-based problems: Providing proper customer service: In the process of problem resolutions, company should encourage the customers to take part in the process. They should be given chance in participating in the contingency situation, planning and resource allocation process. Proper management style: Individuals who have obligation and control over the work, feel a more committed to ensure that they work proficiently. Staff ought to be given the opportunity to make decisions and to handle issues without continually needing to get permission or agreement from the managers (Itseducation.asia, 2005). 2.2. Communication Style Effective non-verbal and verbal communication is valuable to the organization. Communication is the process of information sharing among two or more people or groups to achieve a common understanding. Effective communication is so vital for the success of organization, as well as their employees must be successful communicators (Sangeetha, 2012). The role of managers is to support the employees to enhance their communication abilities. The performance of the organization increases if all the departments, organization itself and the employees start communicating effectively. There are few tips to maintain effective communication in the organization: Encourage feedback: Recognition and praise can help to motivate the employees and improve their performance. Feedback helps them to recognize their weakness and strengths and give the opportunity to improve. Maintain Transparency: This is a part of employee ownership. Management of the organization should not keep any kind of secrecy with the employees about the organizations operations and business. 2.3. Strategies for time-management Time management in the workplace makes the life much easier. It helps to determine the career success and also helps to balance work and life efficiently. To effectively manage the time figuring out where time is being spent, managing appointments, taking time to plan for the next day, precisely making project plans, and managing e-mails, phones, documentation (Thomack, 2012). Generally, the employers appreciate the workers who can get the maximum work with minimum time. Therefore, the strategies to maintain time effectively are (Walker, Wysocki and Kepner, n.d.): Eliminate Procrastination Setting Goals and priorities Avoid wasting time Reduce negativity and stress Delegate tasks Complete the important and urgent task first 3. Dynamics Of Working 3.1. Role Play and working together Working together includes the ways in which two or more individuals can work cooperatively and positively towards a common objective. There are various roles to play while working in a team like (creative-interventions.org, 2012): Facilitator- The role is to hold the process and ensure that the team members are working on a specific intervention Instigator-the role is to motivate the team to start the process Supporter- the role is to take care of the needs, advocate the members in the team and also ensure that all the information is communicated effectively. Cheerleader- the role is to keep the team positive and energized Vision-Keeper- the role is to remind the team about the objective when there is any conflict or negative motivation For achieving a common goal there is a need of proper effective team work which can be done by following steps below: Be prepared to hold numerous roles Make sure decision making and information sharing is conducted through participation of everybody effectively. Individuals working in a team may need to identify common ground and choose whether they can live with the compromises. Take out some time to meet all together particularly when there is a need of sharing important information 3.2. Team Dynamics Teams hold the organization together. It is the building block. Teams that are high performing convey positive business and operational efficiencies, missed opportunities and avoiding waste. Team dynamics are the psychological and unconscious forces that impact the performance and behavior of the team. Team dynamics can be great when they enhance the overall performance of the team /or get the best out of individual members. They can likewise be bad when they bring about ineffective clash, demotivation, and keep the team away from accomplishing its objectives. Team members are obliged to see obstructions in the employment and cooperate to tackle this. Commitment to the idealistic team dynamic is another prerequisite. It is the most importantly obligation of the members of the team to manage appropriately with due contention. Along with the obligations of different individuals managers should acknowledge individual's affiliation (Williams, 2014). 3.3. Ways to complete task and achieve goals The main objective of a team is to meet the goals. The following are the different ways to achieve (Newman, 2012): Establish achievable goals- Ensure that all the team members are aware of the goals and can achieve them Plan and strategize- Develop a bulletin board and paste the goals to achieve. Discuss the goals with the team and make strategies to achieve. Maintain consistency while achieving the goals. Make action plan- Set deadline, prioritize the tasks and break down the goals. Monitor the progress- review the goals set helps to determine any adjustments if required. 4. Problem Solving Strategies 4.1. Methods and tools There are some tools and methods to solve problems like: Trial and Error- It is method which is described by varied and repeated attempts which are proceeded until get a success, or until the solver stops trying. This is an optional method and users utilize it when other options are not living up to expectations (Mohammad, n.d.). Heuristics- This is a technique based on experience for discovering, learning and solving the problem (Baron, 2000). Algorithm- It is a step-to-step method that works with all the problems and promises a proper solution as an output (Aziz and Prakash, 2010). Insight phenomenology- This is all about sudden comprehension of an issue; it for the most part includes conceptualizing the issue in a different way that is frequently the outcome of former effort and thought (Fischer, 2006). 4.2. Strategy for solving a problem Identifying a proper solution to a problem involves building course of actions that will change the present circumstance into one where the goal has been accomplished. This includes (Itseducation.asia, 2005): Identify the necessary information: The purpose for this stage is to offer structure to the searched thoughts and information significant to the issue. Collect and record the necessary information Represent the collected information: Information significant to the issue now needs to be organized into an important pattern. At this stage there is a need of detailed comprehension of the issue. Choosing effectiveness criteria- This includes aggregating a detailed rundown of the qualities of what needs to be accomplished and of the components which must be considered in accomplishing that goal, i.e. a "perfect" solution Developing Action plan- Finding solutions which meet the effectiveness criteria 4.3. Potential impact on the business of implementing the strategy Strategy alludes to hierarchical procedures including the determination of either objectives or the means to accomplish those objectives. This involves the interaction of numerous components external elements identifying with the industry and the environment, and also internal variables, for example, values and abilities of the organization (Parker, Storey and van Witteloostuijn, 2010). Strategies give the structure for plans by directing working decisions and regularly pre-deciding them. If the strategies are created properly and carefully by managers, they give more reliable system to operational planning. Strategies characterize the area of business both with respect to area and customers served (Kishore, 2012). Strategies concentrate on the effectiveness of the organization by determining the necessary activities that are to be undertaken for accomplishing organizational targets. They make the objectives of the organization specific and clear. Strategies contribute towards effectiveness of the organization by giving satisfaction to the work force. This bring adequacy at the individual level and hence at organization level. Strategies give each of these things in the association through which everything is made perfect (Mukherji and Mukherji, 2013). Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that the management of the company need to identify the needs of the employees and make proper strategies to fulfill those needs. This motivates the employees to work hard and increase the productivity. Teamwork plays a vital role in organization. The report also has discussed the different strategies to solve the problems in the workplace. References Aziz, A. and Prakash, A. (2010). Algorithms for interviews. [Austin, Texas]: algorithmsforinterviews.com. Baron, J. (2000). Thinking and deciding. 3rd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press. creative-interventions.org, (2012). Creative Interventions Toolkit: A Practical Guide to Stop Interpersonal Violence. [online] Available at: https://www.creative-interventions.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/4.G.CI-Toolkit-Tools-Working-Together-Pre-Release-Version-06.2012.pdf [Accessed 16 May 2015]. Fischer, C. (2006). Qualitative research methods for psychologists. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press. Itseducation.asia, (2005). Finding possible solutions. [online] Available at: https://www.itseducation.asia/solutions.htm [Accessed 16 May 2015]. Itseducation.asia, (2005). Style of management effect on problem solving. [online] Available at: https://www.itseducation.asia/style-of-management.htm [Accessed 16 May 2015]. Kishore, M. (2012). Role of strategy in firms. [online] The Hindu Business Line. Available at: https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/newmanager/role-of-strategy-in-firms/article3683037.ece [Accessed 16 May 2015]. Mohammad, T. (n.d.). How to Solve Problems in Your Personal and Business Life. Mukherji, A. and Mukherji, J. (2013). The Roles of Firm Stategy and Intangible Organizational Elements as Determinants of Performance. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2013(1), pp.11664-11664. Newman, R. (2012). GOAL SETTING to achieve results. Leadership, 41(3), p.12. Parker, S., Storey, D. and van Witteloostuijn, A. (2010). What happens to gazelles? The importance of dynamic management strategy. Small Bus Econ, 35(2), pp.203-226. Sangeetha, K. (2012). Strategies for effective communication. Language In India, 12(6), p.328. Schein, E. (2011). Douglas McGregor: theoretician, moral philosopher or behaviorist?. Journal of Management History, 17(2), pp.156 - 164. Thomack, B. (2012). Time management for today's workplace demands. Workplace health Safety, 60(5), pp.201-203. Walker, S., Wysocki, A. and Kepner, K. (n.d.). Managing Time in the Workplace. [online] edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Available at: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/HR/HR01400.pdf [Accessed 16 May 2015]. Williams, S. (2014). Group dynamics for teams. Action Learning: Research and Practice, 11(1), pp.109-111.

Medical Apartheid Essay Example

Medical Apartheid Essay The radio show concerning the medical apartheid discussed the history of medical tests conducted on African Americans from colonial times until present. It Is disturbing how much many doctors were able to get away with when Inhumanly testing on black people. Even up until the sasss It was common practice to conduct medical tests specifically on black people. Medical Apartheid was a disturbing practice In America that many doctors Justified by suggesting that these African Americans would not have received any medical care If It were not for their testing. These medical professionals were presented with many ethical questions, however, not ethical dilemmas because the Issues with what they were dealing with had a clear right and wrong. Up until recent times Inhumane medical tests have been conducted on African Americans and were justified through a common belief that the people being tested had no other means to receive medical attention. This common belief is most certainly outrageous and is not based on reality. The reality is that these tests were based on racism. Many of these medical professionals were racist and were exerting heir power over the other race through medical testing. Because these medical professionals could take advantage of uneducated African Americans they were. There were no ethical dilemmas involved with the medical apartheid, however, there were serious ethical questions. There were no ethical dilemmas because to constitute an ethical dilemma one must have to choose between right and right. In the medical apartheid there was a clear choice between right and wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Apartheid specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Apartheid specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Apartheid specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One neurosurgeon conducted brain surgeries on African American boys in an attempt to figure out what parts of the brain were causing behavioral problems. The surgeon would remove parts of the brain Just to see if it would cure the problem, not because it was based on medical fact. Many of these medical professionals were able to trick their African American patients into thinking that they were being cured because most of the patients were uneducated and placed too much trust In their unethical physicians. For example, there was much testing on a group of African American men who had syphilis. The men believed their doctors were curing them of their disease when In reality their doctors believed that black people Inherently had syphilis and there was no reason o cure them, even though there was a cure available. In the end, there were no ethical dilemmas Involved with the Issue of medical apartheid because there was no dilemma; It was a clear choice between right and wrong. Although, medical professionals who conducted these Inhumane experiments justified their actions by saying that their patients would not have been treated AT It were not Tort teen, It Is quilt clear Tanat not Dealing treated at all was ten better option. The underlying theme of the medical apartheid in America like the apartheid in South Africa was racism and control over others. Medical Apartheid Essay Example Medical Apartheid Essay In the book, Medical Apartheid, Harriet A. Washington touches on some major soft points, that really made me think and I believe that if many other people read this they would be surprised as well, because when she goes into detail about the cruel treating of African Americans in the past, it is just shocking to find out what we didn’t know. Basically, Medical Apartheid  is the first and only comprehensive history of medical experimentation on African Americans. It begins with the earliest encounters between black Americans and Western medical researchers and the racist pseudoscience that resulted, it talks about the way that both, slaves and freedmen were used in hospitals for experiments conducted without their knowledge, a tradition that continues today within some black populations. It reveals how blacks have historically been prey to grave-robbing as well as unauthorized autopsies and dissections. Moving into the present times, it shows how the pseudoscience of eugenics and social Darwinism was used to justify experimental exploitation and shoddy medical treatment of blacks, and the view that they were biologically inferior, oversexed, and unfit for adult responsibilities. Shocking new details about the government’s notorious Tuskegee experiment are revealed, as are similar, less-well-known medical atrocities conducted by the government, the armed forces, prisons, and private institutions. It also talked about the Tuskegee Experiment which was the most shocking out of all of it. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Apartheid specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Apartheid specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Apartheid specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Tuskegee Experiment was a study that began in 1932; Investigators enrolled in the study 399 impoverished  African-American  sharecroppers  from Macon County, Ala. , infected with  syphilis. For participating in the study, the men were given free medical exams, free meals and free burial insurance. They were never told they had syphilis, nor were they ever treated for it. According to the book, Medical Apartheid, the men were told they were being treated for bad blood, a local term used to describe several illnesses, including syphilis, anemia and fatigue. The 40-year study was controversial for reasons related to  ethical standards, primarily because researchers failed to treat patients appropriately after the 1940s validation of  penicillin  as an effective cure for the disease. Revelation of study failures led to major changes in U. S. law and regulation on the protection of participants in clinical studies. Now studies require  informed consent, communication of  diagnosis, and accurate reporting of test results. Harriet A. Washington made it her priority to in form about what was happening in the past. Things we already knew but were too afraid to ask or think about because we thought we’d be next. It was something that could’ve been stopped if only you had that one person to step up, and speak out o what was going on, instead of living their lives in fear and then having to live with the fact that someone is dead or either dying because you’re too selfish and scared to save them and a whole bunch of other people. Harriet Washington gave us this information, to inform us, about the many things that happened on the low that we didn’t know about.